ABSTRACT Introduction: Mycoplasma genitalium is an emerging sexually transmitted pathogen. Preliminary studies conducted in Cuba, at the National Reference Laboratory of Mycoplasma at the Pedro Kourí Institute, demonstrated the circulation of genotypes resistant to macrolides and tetracyclines in clinical isolates in Vero cells. However, this methodology is laborious and long, which makes it unhelpful for the clinical management and treatment of patients. Aims: the aim of this study was the implementation of a rapid and sensitive molecular diagnostic tool based on Real Time PCR Mycoplasma genitalium antimicrobial susceptibility to macrolides to be determined, directly in clinical samples. Methods: This study implemented a rapid and sensitive molecular diagnostic tool based on Real Time PCR, which allows the presence of M. genitalium and its antimicrobial susceptibility to macrolides to be determined, directly in clinical samples, which decreases the time between diagnosis and treatment and permits the eradication of this microorganism in positive patients. This fact helps to cut the transmission chains of STIs caused by this bacterium, having a positive impact on the STI control program in Cuba. The results of the molecular method were corroborated by phenotypic tests of antimicrobial susceptibility of isolates in cell cultures, achieving a total coincidence between the result of the qPCR in the clinical sample and the corresponding isolates. Results: A substantial increase in macrolide resistance in M. genitalium was detected from 18% in 2014 to 98% in 2019, which has allowed health authorities to implement more accurate syndromic antimicrobial treatment protocols for STIs, contributing to better use of antibiotics in our country, in line with current WHO policies for the rational use of antimicrobials.

RESUMEN Introducción: Mycoplasma genitalium constituye un patógeno de transmisión sexual emergente. En estudios preliminares realizados en Cuba, en el Laboratorio Nacional de Referencia de Micoplasma en el Instituto Pedro Kourí, se demuestra la circulación de genotipos resistentes a macrólidos y a tetraciclinas en aislados clínicos en células Vero. Sin embargo, esta metodología es laboriosa y larga, lo cual lo hace poco útil para el manejo clínico y tratamiento de los pacientes. Objetivos: implementar una herramienta de diagnóstico molecular rápido y sensible basada en PCR en tiempo real, para determinar la susceptibilidad antimicrobiana a los macrólidos de M. genitalium, directamente en las muestras clínicas. Métodos: Se implementó una PCR en tiempo real que permite determinar la presencia de M. genitalium y su susceptibilidad antimicrobiana a los macrólidos, directamente en las muestras clínicas, lo que disminuye el tiempo entre el diagnóstico y el tratamiento y erradicación de este microorganismo en los pacientes positivos. Este hecho contribuye a cortar las cadenas de trasmisión de las ITS causadas por esta bacteria, incidiendo de forma positiva en el programa de control de las ITS en Cuba. Los resultados del método molecular fueron corroborados mediante el aislamiento en cultivos celulares y ensayos fenotípicos de susceptibilidad antimicrobiana, logrando una total coincidencia entre el resultado de la qPCR en la muestra clínicas y los aislados correspondientes. Resultados: Se detectó un incremento sustancial de la resistencia a macrólidos en M. genitalium desde un 18 % en 2014 hasta un 98 % en 2019, lo que han permitido a las autoridades sanitarias implementar protocolos de tratamiento sindrómicos antimicrobiano para las ITS más exactos, contribuyendo a un mejor uso de los antibióticos en nuestro país, en consonancias a las políticas actuales de la OMS para el uso racional de los antimicrobianos.

The association between colorectal cancer and human papillomavirus (HPV) infection is still unproven. The aim of this study was to investigate the presence of high-risk HPV (HR-HPV) DNA in colorectal tissues from Cuban patients. A total of 63 colorectal formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissues were studied (24 adenocarcinoma, 18 adenoma, and 21 colorectal tissues classified as benign colitis). DNA from colorectal samples was analysed by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction to detect the most clinically relevant high HR-HPV types (HPV-16, -18, -31, -33, -45, -52, and -58). Associations between histologic findings and other risk factors were also analysed. Overall, HPV DNA was detected in 23.8% (15/63) of the samples studied. Viral infections were detected in 41.7% of adenocarcinoma (10/24) and 27.7% of adenoma cases (5/18). HPV DNA was not found in any of the negative cases. An association between histological diagnosis of adenocarcinoma and HPV infection was observed (odd ratio = 4.85, 95% confidence interval = 1.40-16.80, p = 0.009). The only genotypes identified were HPV 16 and 33. Viral loads were higher in adenocarcinoma, and these cases were associated with HPV 16. This study provides molecular evidence of HR-HPV infection in colorectal adenocarcinoma tissues from Cuban patients.

INTRODUCTION Cytomegalovirus and herpes simplex virus are associated with congenital or perinatal infection, causing potential damage to the newborn. OBJECTIVES Determine the prevalence of active or latent infection by cytomegalovirus and herpes simplex virus in a population of mothers, congenital infection by these agents in their infants, and association between prevalence of virus infection in mothers and in their newborns. METHODS A cross-sectional study was conducted from June to September 2012 in a population of 95 pregnant women admitted to the Dr Ramón González Coro University Maternity Hospital during the third trimester of pregnancy, and their infants (98). Patients were tested for antibodies specific to these viruses; vaginal swabs and urine from the women and serum and urine from the newborns were tested for viral genome. The Fisher exact test with 95% confidence interval was used for comparisons. RESULTS Of the women studied, 89.5% tested positive for cytomegalovirus and 83.2% for herpes simplex. Active infection from cytomegalovirus was detected in 16.7%, and from herpes simplex in 3.2%. Congenital cytomegalovirus infection was detected in 4.1% of newborns; no herpes simplex virus infection was found in this group. Two newborns of women with active cytomegalovirus infection were congenitally infected. CONCLUSIONS Serology demonstrated that most of the women were immune to both viruses. Active cytomegalovirus infections are common in this population, and newborns of women with active cytomegalovirus infection during pregnancy are at increased risk of congenital infection.

The objective of the present study is to standardize a real-time based polymerase chain reaction system in order to detect and quantify 7 high risk human papillomavirus in different clinical samples from patients suspected of this type of infection. The validation of a 5´ exonuclease fluorescent probe real-time PCR assay (TaqMan format) for the detection and quantification of the 7 most frequent HR-HPV types (16, 18, 31, 33, 45, and 58) which account for over 87% of cervical carcinomas world-wide was carried out. Simultaneous PCR reactions are required to detect the designated HPV types. Specificity tests for each HPV type and other DNA viruses were performed. Standard external curve constructions were achieved, which allow determining the number of target DNA copies in the previously HPV tested samples. HPV 16 and 18 standard curves were obtained from purified genomic DNA of SiHa and HeLa cell lines, respectively. The pattern curves were constructed on the basis of each of the resulting standard DNA, which showed good linear correlation (r = -0, 99) and low error values. The lower detection limit was 10 copies for both HPV 16 and 18. No cross reactions between HPV types and other DNA viruses were observed. Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction system, standardized for 7 HPV types, proved to be a rapid, specific and highly sensitive system for better diagnosis and follow-up of patients with high grade intraepithelial lesions. In addition, this assay will allow the development of coming researches in relation with the prevalence and pathogenesis of human papillomavirus infections in different samples from Cuban patients.

El objetivo de este trabajo fue normalizar e implementar un sistema de reacción en cadena de la polimerasa en tiempo real, para determinar la carga viral de 7 genotipos de papilomavirus humano (PVH) de alto riesgo oncogénico. Se evaluó la especificidad del sistema y se construyeron las curvas estándar para PVH 16 y 18, que se emplearon para la cuantificación de ADN viral en diferentes muestras de pacientes identificados como positivos a PVH, mediante reacción en cadena de la polimerasa (RCP) cualitativa y secuenciación nucleotídica. Se obtuvieron dos curvas estándar para PVH 16 y 18, a partir del ADN genómico de las líneas celulares SiHa y HeLa, las que mostraron una buena correlación lineal ( r = -0,99) y valores bajos de error. El límite inferior de detección a partir del ADN de las líneas celulares fue de hasta 10 copias para ambos genotipos. No se obtuvo reacción cruzada entre los diferentes tipos de PVH ni con otros virus ADN. La reacción en cadena de la polimerasa en tiempo real (RCP-TR) normalizada probó ser un sistema simple, rápido, específico y altamente sensible. Además, permitirá desarrollar investigaciones sobre la prevalencia de infección por PVH en Cuba, con vistas a la aplicación de las vacunas que se encuentran disponibles en el mercado internacional, así como la evaluación de otros candidatos vacunales diseñados en el futuro.

INTRODUCTION: Herpesvirus infections are prevalent worldwide, but most run their course asymptomatically. Clinical presentations in symptomatic cases vary widely and include febrile and mononucleosis-like syndromes. In immunocompromised patients, herpetic infection can be lethal and routine laboratory tests are of little use. Use of novel techniques may provide important improvements in diagnosis and treatment of these patients. OBJECTIVE: Investigate association between different herpesviruses and the etiology of mononucleosis and febrile syndromes in Cuban immunocompetent and immunocompromised patients. METHODS: The study used multiplex nested polymerase chain reaction, enabling simultaneous detection of six herpesviruses-cytomegalovirus, herpes simplex (1 and 2), Epstein-Barr, varicella-zoster and human herpesvirus 6-to study 1157 samples (770 urine and 387 serum samples) from 1140 patients with mononucleosis-like syndrome or febrile syndrome, classified according to history of immunosuppressive disease. Samples were analyzed at the Laboratory for Sexually Transmitted Diseases (Virology) of the Pedro Kourí Tropical Medicine Institute from January 2006 through December 2009. SPSS statistical package was used and incidence rates calculated. RESULTS: Of samples studied, 20.1% were positive for some herpesvirus. Higher risk of developing active herpesvirus infections was detected in samples from immunocompromised patients with febrile syndrome compared to those of immunocompetent ones (OR 2.02, CI 1.20-3.42, p=0.007). Cytomegalovirus was the most frequently found herpesvirus in both mononucleosis-like syndrome (60.4%) and febrile syndrome (63.6%) and in both children (69.2%) and adults (55.2%), followed by Epstein-Barr virus. Cytomegalovirus was detected in 68.9% of positive urine samples and in just 47.2% of serum samples. CONCLUSIONS: This is the first Cuban study demonstrating the pathogenic role of herpesviruses, particularly cytomegalovirus, in patients with febrile or mononucleosis-like syndrome, in both immunocompetent and immunocompromised patients. Results highlight the importance of including molecular diagnosis of the herpesvirus family in investigating mononucleosis and febrile syndromes of unknown etiology and demonstrate that etiologic diagnosis would not have been feasible in many cases without the use of this diagnostic tool.

OBJECTIVE: Little is known about the prevalence and distribution of Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) infection in the Caribbean. The aim of this study was to determine rates of KSHV seropositivity in various populations in Cuba. METHODS: During the years 1998 to 2002 we screened serum samples from 410 subjects in Cuba. Serologic screening for KSHV antibodies was a two-step process using (1) indirect immunofluorescence assay (IFA) specifically reactive to the KSHV latency-associated nuclear antigen (LANA) encoded by open reading frame 73 (ORF73), and (2) confirmatory immunoblot using recombinant KSHV ORF65.2, a lytically expressed, 20-kilodalton protein as the target antigen. Five different populations were studied: (1) 45 AIDS patients with Kaposi's sarcoma (AIDS-KS), (2) 154 HIV-1-infected patients without clinical evidence of KS, (3) 171 HIV-negative blood donors, (4) 27 consecutive kidney transplant recipients, who were HIV-negative, and (5) 13 contacts (sexual contacts or relatives) of the AIDS-KS-affected patients. RESULTS: Among the 45 AIDS-KS subjects, 35 of them (77.8%) were KSHV-seropositive. Thirty-two of the 154 HIV-positive patients without KS (20.8% of them) were KSHV-seropositive, and 6 of the 13 contacts of KS-affected patients (46.2% of them) were infected with KSHV. In contrast to other researchers, we did not find in the populations that we studied in Cuba that KSHV seropositivity was associated with male homosexual or bisexual activity. We found high KSHV seropositivity rates among women reporting sexual contact with bisexual men and among men who had acquired an HIV infection in Africa. There were low rates of KSHV infection among the blood donors (1.2%) and the renal transplant recipients (0.0%). The low rates of KSHV infection that we found among the non-HIV-infected populations in Cuba are similar to patterns found in populations in Europe and in the United States. CONCLUSIONS: Together with similar results from Brazil, Jamaica, and the United States of America, our results suggest that KSHV infection is uncommon in some populations in the Western Hemisphere and that KSHV is largely confined to patients with AIDS-associated KS.

OBJETIVO: Se sabe poco acerca de la prevalencia y distribución en el Caribe de la infección por el herpesvirus asociado con el sarcoma de Kaposi (HVSK). El objetivo del presente estudio fue determinar las tasas de seropositividad a HVSK en diversas poblaciones en Cuba. MÉTODOS: Durante el período de 1998 a 2002 se examinaron muestras de suero de 410 personas en Cuba. El tamizaje serológico de los anticuerpos contra HVSK se realizó en dos pasos con las siguientes técnicas: 1) ensayo de inmunofluorescencia indirecta (IFI) con reactividad específica a la porción del antígeno de HVSK asociado a la latencia (ANAL) que está codificada por la plantilla de lectura abierta 73 (ORF73), y 2) inmunoblot (Western) confirmatorio, usando como antígeno blanco la proteína ORF65.2 de HVSK recombinante, que tiene 20 kilodaltones y se expresa durante la infección lítica. Cinco poblaciones diferentes fueron estudiadas: 1) 45 pacientes de sida con sarcoma de Kaposi (sida-KS); 2) 154 pacientes infectados por VIH-1 pero sin signos clínicos de sarcoma de Kaposi (SK); 3) 171 donantes de sangre con seronegatividad a VIH; 4) 27 receptores consecutivos de transplantes renales con seronegatividad a VIH y 5) 13 contactos (sexuales o por parentesco) de los pacientes de sida con SK. RESULTADOS: De las 45 personas con sida y SK, 35 (77,8%) mostraron seropositividad a HVSK. Treinta y dos (20,8%) de los 154 pacientes con seropositividad a VIH pero sin SK mostraron seropositividad a HVSK, y 6 de los 13 contactos (46,2%) de pacientes con SK estaban infectados por HVSK. A diferencia de otros investigadores, los autores del presente estudio no encontraron ninguna asociación entre la seropositividad a HVSK y la actividad homosexual o bisexual en personas de sexo masculino en las poblaciones cubanas estudiadas. En cambio, sí hallaron tasas elevadas de seropositividad a HVSK en mujeres que declararon haber tenido contacto sexual con hombres bisexuales y en hombres que habían adquirido la infección por VIH en el África. Las tasas de infección por HVSK fueron bajas en los donantes de sangre (1,2%) y en los receptores de transplantes renales (0,0%). Las tasas de infección por HVSK halladas en las poblaciones cubanas sin infección por VIH fueron tan bajas como las observadas en Europa y Estados Unidos de América. CONCLUSIONES: Nuestros resultados, sumados a otros resultados parecidos obtenidos en Brasil, Estados Unidos y Jamaica, indican que la infección por HVSK es poco frecuente en algunas poblaciones del hemisferio occidental y que está confinada mayormente a pacientes con KS en presencia de sida.

Las infecciones producidas por herpesvirus desempeñan un papel fundamental en la patología postrasplante lo que hace imprescindible tener caracterizada desde el punto de vista serológico a la población candidata de recibir un injerto renal. Se detectaron títulos de anticuerpos IgG mediante inmunofluorescencia indirecta contra virus herpes simple (VHS), virus Epstein Barr (VEB) y citomegalovirus (CMV), en 100 pacientes sometidos a tratamiento hemodialítico en el Instituto de Nefrología. Se detectó una prevalencia de anticuerpos de 100 % para el CMV y de 95 % para el VHS y el VEB. Los títulos promedios geométricos (TPG) de anticuerpos contra CMV resultaron ser significativamente superiores. No se encontró correlación entre los TPG y el sexo, la edad, el tiempo de evolución de la enfermedad, el número de transfusiones y el número de trasplantes.

The multiple polymerase chain reaction technique was used to detect in a single assay tube the presence of herpes simplex virus (HSV), Citomegalovirus (CMV). Epstein Barr virus (EBV), varicella zoster virus (VZV), and/or human herpes virus-6 (HHV6). 50 cerebrospinal fluids from patients with AIDS and clinically suspected to have meningoencephalitis due to HSV were received and analyzed at the laboratories of Sexually Transmitted Diseases of the Virology Department of the "Pedro Kourí" Tropical Medicine Institute from 1993 to 1996. 4 of them were positive to HSV, 3 to CMV, 2 to VZV, and 1 to HHV6 for a positivity of 20 %. The results of the PCR were correlated to the clinical findings presented by the patients at the time of the lumbar puncture. The introduction of this technique in the laboratory allows to have an easy, fast and useful tool for the diagnosis of meningoencephalitis due to herpesvirus.

Se utilizó la técnica de reacción en cadena de la polimerasa (RCP) múltiple para detectar, en un solo tubo de reacción, la presencia del virus de herpes simple (VHS), Citomegalovirus (CMV), virus de Epstein Barr (VEB), virus de la varicela zóster (VVZ) y/o el virus del herpes humano 6 (VHH6). Cincuenta líquidos cefalorraquídeos de pacientes con el síndrome de inmunodeficiencia adquirida y con sospecha clínica de meningoencefalitis por el VHS, recibidos en el Laboratorio de Enfermedades de Transmisión Sexual del Departamento de Virología del Instituto de Medicina Tropical "Pedro Kourí" entre los años 1993 y 1996 fueron analizados; de éstos, 4 resultaron positivos al VHS, 3 a CMV, 2 al VVZ y 1 al VHH6, para 20 % de positividad. Se correlacionaron los resultados de la RCP con los hallazgos clínicos que presentaban los pacientes en el momento que se les realizó la punción lumbar. La introducción de esta técnica en el laboratorio permite contar con una herramienta útil, por su sencillez y rapidez, para el diagnóstico de las meningoencefalitis por herpesvirus.

The evolution serological response against the herpes simplex virus and citomegalovirus in HIV infected patients grouped into different stages of the disease was studied. Fluctuations in the TPG of antibodies were observed in these values in a cyclical way through time. There was a greater significant difference among the TPG of antibodies against HSV in the group of asymptomatic patients compared with AIDS patients and with those who died. There is a marked decrease in the TPG of antibodies against HSV and CMV approximately one year before the death of patients.

Se estudió la respuesta serológica evolutiva frente a los virus herpes simple y Citomegalovirus en pacientes infectados con el VIH, agrupados en diferentes estadios de la enfermedad. Se observaron fluctuaciones en los TPG de anticuerpos en estos valores de forma cíclica a través del tiempo. Se observó mayor diferencia significativa en los TPG de anticuerpos contra HSV en el grupo de pacientes asintomáticos con respecto a los pacientes SIDA y a los fallecidos. Existe una marcada caída en el TPG de anticuerpos contra HSV y CMV aproximadamente 1 año antes del fallecimiento de los pacientes.